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Module 1
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Introduction:
The importance of electromagnetic fields and their applications in real-world scenarios, like wireless communications, antennas, and power transmission.
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Module 2
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Lossless Transmission Lines:
Equivalent circuit with LC ladder, Notion of finite velocity and finite transit time, Telegrapher’s equations, Characteristic Resistance, Introduction to Finite Difference method, Matlab based solution to Telegrapher’s equations, Open circuit and Short circuit boundary conditions,
Decoupled telegrapher’s equations - The Laplace and Wave equation, difference between statics and dynamics, Matlab based solution to Laplace, Poisson and Wave equations, Uniqueness theorem, The meaning of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, The finite difference time domain method,
Reflection coefficient - Voltage and Current, Meaning of positive and negative characteristic resistance, Bounce diagram and evolution of voltage at a point, Steady state sinusoidal solution to Telegrapher’s equations, Standing waves and VSWR,The impulse response with Matlab simulations, Time domain reflectometry for gauging faults in transmission lines,
Transmission line interconnections - Effects on velocity, wavelength and reflection/transmission coefficients, The absorbing boundary condition to approximate infinite length transmission lines
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Module 3
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Lossy transmission lines:
Introduction of R and G in LC ladder at correct places, Telegrapher’s equations modified for loss, Characteristic Impedance, Matlab based exercises to analyze Attenuation in a transmission line,
Negative resistance and negative conductance as circuit equivalents for amplifying a signal for repeaters, Attenuation constant, Phase constant and Propagation constant, Matlab exercise to analyze attenuation and amplification,
Reflection coefficient and the voltage standing wave ratio in lossy line, Impedance matching basics, Introduction to Smith’s charts, Matlab exercises to create Smith’s chart,
Impedance matching techniques using computer exercises : theory and practice, Losses as a function of signal frequency and the need for cutting the wires for wireless transmission
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Module 4
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Maxwell’s equations and reduction to transmission line model:
Equivalence of Curl equations to Telegrapher’s equations in one dimension, Gauss’s laws as boundary conditions, Equivalence of electromagnetic wave equation and decoupled TL wave equation, Matlab exercises to solve Maxwell’s equations,
The Perfect Electric Conductor and Perfect Magnetic conductor and equivalence to Short circuit and Open circuit boundary conditions, Definition of Electric field reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient, The characteristic impedance in a wireless medium and the physical limits, Electromagnetic steady state response in a lossless medium,
Types of media - Good dielectric, Poor dielectric, Neither dielectric nor conductive, Poor conductor, good conductor, The standing wave ratio, Definition of Power and Poynting vector, Matlab based exercises to visualize and calculate quantities, The plane wave and its characteristics.
The right handed triad with electric field, magnetic field and Poynting vector.
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Module 5
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Maxwell’s equations and deviations from transmission line model:
Non-confinement of signals due to no defined path as in transmission lines, The Divergence of fields, Huygen’s principle and construction of wavefronts by superposition, Parallel and Perpendicular polarizations,
Temporal patterns in fields - Linear, elliptical, circular and random polarizations as deviations from Transmission line model, Concept of interfaces and Impedance mismatches with angles in Parallel and Perpendicular polarizations, Normal and Oblique incidence,
The difficulty in impedance matching in a wireless system and the Brewster’s angle, Types of interfaces - Dielectric/Dielectric, Dielectric/Conductor and the signal travel across interfaces, Matlab exercises to visualize a 2D signal propagation as opposed to a 1D signal propagation in transmission lines
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Module 6
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Signals in bounded media:
Standing waves in 2D and 3D space, Introduction to modes, Parallel plate waveguide, Rectangular waveguide, Group vs Phase velocity, The microwave cavity, Applications using Matlab exercises - Routing, Study of waveguide bends, 1:2 and 1:4 splitters and combiners, Resonant couplers, Resonators, Applications involving refractive index sensing
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